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<text id=93CT1878>
<title>
Solomon Islands--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Australia & Oceania
Solomon Islands
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Although little prehistory of the Solomon Islands is known,
material excavated on Santa Ana, Guadalcanal, and Gawa indicates
that a hunter-gatherer people lived on the larger islands as
early as 1000 B.C. Some Solomon Islanders are descendants of
neolithic, Austronesian-speaking peoples who migrated somewhat
later to the Pacific Islands from Southeast Asia.
</p>
<p> The European discoverer of the Solomons was the Spanish
explorer Alvaro de Mendana Y Neyra, who set out from Peru in
1567 to seek the legendary Isles of Solomon, believed to lie
west of South America and said to have been visited by the
Incas. After his first visit to the Solomons, Mendana used the
name and the promise of gold to lure potential settlers to join
him in a colonization effort in 1595. This first attempt was a
disaster--some settlers were murdered by the islanders, and
many others, including Mendana, died of disease. The remnants of
the ill-fated colony set sail for the Philippines but were lost
at sea.
</p>
<p> Several more attempts to colonize the islands also failed. A
Western navigator, British mariner Philip Carteret, entered
Solomon waters in 1767. In the years that followed, visits by
explorers were more frequent.
</p>
<p> Missionaries began visiting the Solomons in the mid-1800s.
They made little progress at first, however, because
"blackbirding"--the often brutal recruitment of laborers for
the sugar plantations in Queensland and Fiji--led to a series
of reprisals and massacres. The evils of the labor trade
prompted the United Kingdom to declare a protectorate over the
southern Solomons in 1893. In 1898 and 1899, more outlying
islands were added to the protectorate; in 1900 the remainder of
the archipelago, an area previously under German jurisdiction,
was transferred to British administration. Under the
protectorate, missionaries settled in the Solomons, converting
most of the population to Christianity.
</p>
<p> In the early 20th century, several British and Australian
firms began large-scale coconut planting in a move to develop
the Solomons commercially. Economic growth before World War II
was slow, however, and the islanders benefitted little. After
the Japanese initiated the Pacific phase of the war in December
1941, most planters and traders were evacuated to Australia and
most cultivation ceased.
</p>
<p> The Japanese wasted little time in attacking and occupying
the main islands of the Solomons. From May 1942, when the
Battle of the Coral Sea was fought, until December 1943, the
Solomons were almost constantly a scene of combat. Although U.S.
forces landed on Guadalcanal virtually unopposed in August 1942,
they were soon engaged in a bloody fight for control of the
islands' airstrip, which the U.S. forces named Henderson Field.
One of the most furious sea battles ever fought took place off
Savo Island, near Guadalcanal, also in August 1942. Before the
Japanese completely withdrew from Guadalcanal in February 1943,
1,500 Americans and 20,000 Japanese died. The Allied forces
later drove the Japanese from other islands; and by December
1943, the Allies were in command of the entire Solomon chain.
</p>
<p>Postwar Developments
</p>
<p> The war and the forceful intrusion of the outside world
changed and disrupted the Solomon Islanders' lives. Between 1946
and 1950, much official attention was devoted to a native
movement known as the Marching Rule. Some thought the movement
originated in the wartime closeness between the islanders and
American soldiers, who seemed to the islanders to have limitless
wealth. Others viewed it as a nationalist movement following
naturally from the war's profoundly disturbing effects. The
movement led to various efforts to defy governmental authority.
Many people on Malaita and other islands were affected, and
there was much disorder until some of the leaders were jailed
in late 1948. Throughout the 1950s, other indigenous dissident
groups appeared and disappeared without gaining strength.
</p>
<p> Gradual changes in the system of governing the Solomons were
made from the end of World War II until the early 1970s, after
which changes came much more rapidly as the United Kingdom
prepared to give the islanders their independence. When civil
administration was resumed after the war, an advisory council of
Solomon Islanders was reestablished. In 1960, the advisory
council was superseded by a legislative council, and an
executive council was created as the protectorate's
policymaking body. The council was given progressively more
authority.
</p>
<p> In 1974, a new constitution was adopted establishing a
parliamentary democracy and ministerial system of government. In
mid-1975, the name Solomon Islands officially replaced that of
British Solomon Islands Protectorate. On January 2, 1976, the
Solomons became self-governing, and independence followed on
July 7, 1978.
</p>
<p>Current Political Conditions
</p>
<p> In the first postindependence Parliament, none of the members
had any party affiliation. Party organizations emerged in the
August 1980 elections, in which the newly formed United Party
of then-Prime Minister Sir Peter Kenilorea won 14 seats; the
People's Alliance Party led by Solomon Mamaloni won 8; and the
National Democratic Party, 2. The remaining members elected in
1980 were independents. Kenilorea served as prime minister until
September 1981, when a realignment within the Parliament
resulted in the election of Mamaloni to replace him. Mamaloni
remained prime minister until the expiration of the
parliamentary term.
</p>
<p> In the November 1984 elections, the United Party won 13
seats; the People's Alliance Party, 12 seats; and the others
were split among smaller parties and independents. Sir Peter
was able to form a coalition and was again named prime
minister. During 1986, shifting political allegiances and
growing concern over the deteriorating economy and finances
continually threatened the Kenilorea government. The prime
minister's handling of a French offer of cyclone rehabilitation
assistance for his native village resulted in his forced
resignation and replacement in December by his former deputy,
Ezekiel Alebua. Parliamentary elections are due in late 1988.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, June
1988.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>